True accessibility in building design extends far beyond ramps and door widths. For specialized spaces like assembly venues, multi-story buildings, and recreational facilities, designers must master a more nuanced set of requirements governed by the International Building Code (IBC), the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and the technical standard that underpins them both: ICC A117.1, Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities.

‍

Here are the key takeaways for these critical areas:

‍

• Areas of Refuge: These life-safety spaces must include a clear floor space of at least 30" x 48" for a wheelchair user, which cannot overlap with the required egress path width. The IBC and NFPA 101 mandate where these are needed, while ANSI A117.1 specifies the physical dimensions and access to a two-way communication system.
• Accessible Seating: In assembly areas, wheelchair-accessible seating must be dispersed vertically and horizontally to provide a variety of sightlines and ticket price points comparable to those offered to the general public. Simply clustering seats in one area is non-compliant.
• Pool Lifts: A pool lift must have a minimum lifting capacity of 300 pounds, a seat at least 16 inches wide, and be adjacent to a specific clear deck space to allow for safe transfer from a wheelchair. These technical specifications are detailed in ANSI A117.1 and the 2010 ADA Standards.
• Tactile Signage: Signs designating permanent rooms and spaces must have tactile characters (Braille). ANSI A117.1 and the 2010 ADA Standards are harmonized, providing precise specifications for dot height, spacing, and the use of contracted (Grade 2) Braille.

Parking Signage: Accessible parking signs must be mounted with the bottom edge at least 60 inches above the ground to ensure visibility over vehicles.

‍

Why These Specialized Requirements Matter

While every architect and engineer is familiar with basic accessibility, these specialized topics are where compliance often becomes complex and mistakes are made. These requirements represent the intersection of building codes, life safety regulations, and federal civil rights law.

• Life Safety & Usability: An area of refuge is useless if a person in a wheelchair blocks the egress path for others or cannot reach the communication system. This is a critical coordination between the IBC's egress calculations and ANSI A117.1's clear space requirements.
• Equity & Inclusion: The rules for seating dispersion and pool access are not just about physical access; they are about providing an equitable experience. The intent is to ensure people with disabilities have the same choices and quality of experience as everyone else.
• Technical Precision: Unlike a wider hallway, the specifications for tactile signage and pool lifts are highly technical and leave little room for interpretation. Using a non-compliant product or detail can lead to failed inspections and costly replacement.
• Legal & Code Enforcement: The IBC adopts the ICC A117.1 standard by reference, making its technical provisions mandatory and enforceable by the building inspector. Furthermore, since these provisions are mirrored in the 2010 ADA Standards, non-compliance can also create legal liability under federal law.

Understanding and correctly applying these codes is essential for creating safe, inclusive, and legally compliant buildings, avoiding permit delays, and preventing post-occupancy litigation.

‍

When designing an area of refuge, how do the clear space requirements for a wheelchair user in ANSI A117.1 coordinate with the egress capacity calculations and two-way communication system requirements in the IBC and NFPA 101?

An area of refuge requires the careful coordination of three distinct code requirements: the wheelchair space (ANSI), the egress path width (IBC), and the communication system (IBC/ANSI). The fundamental rule is that the wheelchair space must be provided in addition to, and must not encroach upon, the required minimum egress width.

The deeper explanation involves integrating requirements from multiple codes:

• Wheelchair Space (ANSI A117.1): The technical standard for the space itself is ICC A117.1-2017 §305, which defines the minimum clear floor space for a single stationary wheelchair as 30 inches by 48 inches. This is the designated "wheelchair space" within the area of refuge.
• Egress Capacity (IBC): The International Building Code (e.g., IBC 2024 §1005.3) dictates how to calculate the required width of egress components like stairs and landings. For stairs, this is typically 0.3 inches per occupant. The crucial point of coordination is that the 30" x 48" wheelchair space cannot be located within this calculated path. For example, if a stair landing requires a 44-inch clear width for egress, you cannot place the wheelchair space within that 44 inches. The landing must be enlarged to accommodate both the clear egress path and the separate wheelchair space(s).
• Area of Refuge Requirements (IBC): IBC 2024 §1009.6 specifies when areas of refuge are required and mandates that they contain one wheelchair space for every 200 occupants served. It explicitly states in §1009.6.3 that these spaces "shall not reduce the required width of the means of egress."
• Two-Way Communication System (IBC & ANSI A117.1): IBC §1009.8 and ANSI A117.1-2017 §708 detail the requirements for the two-way communication system. The system's controls must be located within reach of the designated wheelchair space. This means the 30" x 48" space must be positioned so a person can access and operate the communication panel without leaving their space.
• NFPA 101: The Life Safety Code (NFPA 101, 2024 Edition) contains similar provisions in §7.2.12. It also requires a wheelchair space that does not intrude on the required means of egress and must be located to allow use of the two-way communication system.

In practice, a designer must first calculate the required egress width of the stair landing or protected area, then add the area needed for the 30" x 48" wheelchair space(s) adjacent to that path, ensuring the communication system is properly located relative to the wheelchair space.

‍

What are the precise requirements for the dispersion of wheelchair-accessible seating in a multi-level assembly venue according to the 2017 ANSI A117.1, particularly regarding the provision of a variety of sightlines and ticket price points?

The 2017 ANSI A117.1 requires that wheelchair-accessible seating be dispersed throughout an assembly area to provide a choice of admission prices and sightlines comparable to those available to the general public. This goes far beyond merely meeting a minimum number of accessible seats; it's about providing an equitable experience.

These requirements, which are harmonized with the 2010 ADA Standards §221 and §802, are detailed in ANSI A117.1-2017 §802:

• General Dispersion: Section 802.2.3 states that wheelchair spaces must be "dispersed vertically and horizontally" throughout the seating area.
• Variety of Prices: Section 802.2.3.1 requires that wheelchair spaces "shall be provided in all areas of an assembly area that serve seating with distinct admission prices." This means if a venue has orchestra, mezzanine, and balcony seats at different prices, accessible seating options must be provided in all three sections. Placing all accessible seats in the lowest-priced section is a clear violation.
• Variety of Sightlines: The same section requires providing choices of seating locations and viewing angles that are "substantially equivalent to, or better than, the choices of seating locations and viewing angles available to all other spectators."
• Lines of Sight Over Standing Spectators: This is a critical and often overlooked detail. ANSI A117.1 §802.3 requires that where spectators are expected to stand during events (e.g., concerts, sporting events), wheelchair spaces must be located to provide a line of sight over the heads of standing spectators. This often requires placing the wheelchair spaces on platforms or risers.
• Companion Seating: Each wheelchair space must have at least one companion seat located immediately adjacent to it (ANSI §802.4).

The number of required wheelchair spaces is determined by the total seating capacity, as shown in Table 802.2.1 of the standard. For example, a 500-seat theater requires at least 6 wheelchair spaces, and these 6 spaces must be dispersed according to the rules above.

‍

For a public swimming pool, what are the technical specifications for a pool lift, including seat size, lifting capacity, and clear deck space, as mandated by the ICC A117.1-2017 standard?

The ICC A117.1-2017 standard provides detailed, non-negotiable technical specifications for permanently installed pool lifts to ensure they are safe and independently usable. These requirements are found in Section 1109.3 and are harmonized with the 2010 ADA Standards §1009.2.

Key specifications include:

• Location (§1109.3.2): The lift must be positioned so that the centerline of the seat is over the deck and a minimum of 16 inches from the edge of the pool when in the raised position. It must also be located in the pool where the water depth does not exceed 48 inches.
• Seat (§1109.3.3):
  
  • Size: The seat must be a minimum of 16 inches wide.
  • Height: When raised, the seat must be between 16 and 18 inches above the finished floor of the deck.
  • Features: The seat must have a backrest that extends from the seat to at least 10 inches above the seat surface. Armrests are required on both sides, and footrests must be provided and move with the seat.
• Lifting Capacity (§1109.3.7): The lift must have a minimum weight capacity of 300 pounds.
• Clear Deck Space (§1109.3.8): This is critical for transfers. A clear deck space must be provided on the side of the seat opposite the water. This space must be parallel with the pool edge, be at least 36 inches wide, and extend forward at least 48 inches from a line located 12 inches behind the rear edge of the seat. The slope of this space cannot exceed 1:48.
• Operation (§1109.3.9): The lift's controls and operating mechanisms must be unobstructed and allow a person to operate the lift from both the deck and a seated position in the water, without assistance.

These prescriptive requirements ensure that a person using a wheelchair can approach the lift, transfer onto the seat, and operate it independently to enter and exit the pool.

‍

What are the specific requirements for tactile characters on signage under the 2017 ANSI A117.1, including dot height, spacing, and font type? Do these differ from the 2010 ADA Standards?

The specific requirements for tactile characters (Grade 2 Braille) on signage are virtually identical between the 2017 ANSI A117.1 and the 2010 ADA Standards, as the documents have been harmonized on this topic. The term "font" does not apply to Braille; instead, the standards specify the precise dimensions and spacing of the raised dots.

According to ANSI A117.1-2017 §703.3, the requirements for Braille are:

• Type: The Braille used must be contracted Braille, also known as Grade 2 Braille.
• Position: Braille must be located below the corresponding text. If the text is multi-lined, Braille is placed below the entire text. It must be separated by at least 3/8 inch from any other tactile characters and at least 3/8 inch from raised borders and decorative elements.
• Dot Dimensions:
  
  • Dot Height: 0.025 inches to 0.037 inches.
  • Dot Base Diameter: 0.059 inches to 0.063 inches.
• Dot Spacing:
  
  • Distance Between Dots (same cell): 0.090 inches to 0.100 inches.
  • Distance Between Cells: 0.241 inches to 0.300 inches.
  • Distance Between Lines of Braille: 0.395 inches to 0.400 inches.
• Shape: The dots must be domed or rounded.

These highly specific, machine-readable dimensions ensure consistency and legibility for Braille readers. Because there is no difference between the ANSI A117.1 and the 2010 ADA Standards (§703.3) on this topic, a sign that complies with one will comply with the other.

‍

Where should I mount the accessible parking sign according to ICC A117.1?

According to ICC A117.1-2017 §502.6 (Identification), signs identifying accessible parking spaces must be mounted so that the bottom edge of the sign is at least 60 inches above the ground or the surface of the vehicle way.

This requirement ensures the sign, which typically includes the International Symbol of Accessibility, remains visible over the hood of a parked car or SUV. The sign should be positioned at the head of the parking space.

It is important to note:

• Van-Accessible Spaces: Van-accessible spaces require an additional sign with the text "van accessible" located below the primary symbol (§502.6). The 60-inch minimum height applies to the bottom of this entire sign assembly.
• State and Local Amendments: Many jurisdictions have additional signage requirements. For example, the California Building Code (CBC §11B-502.6) requires specific language regarding minimum fines and tow-away warnings. Always verify and comply with local amendments in addition to the ANSI A117.1 model standard.
• ADA Consistency: This 60-inch mounting height is consistent with the 2010 ADA Standards §502.6.

‍

Jurisdictional Variations: Beyond the Model Codes

While the IBC and ANSI A117.1 provide a strong national baseline, designers must remain vigilant about state and local amendments. These jurisdictions often adopt the model codes but modify them to enforce stricter or more specific requirements.

• California (CBC): California has its own comprehensive accessibility chapter (Chapter 11B) which is often more stringent than the ADA. For example, it includes specific requirements for signage language, electric vehicle charging station accessibility, and reach ranges.
• Florida (FBC): The Florida Building Code, Accessibility, contains unique provisions, particularly for public lodging and residential facilities, that can exceed model code requirements.
• Texas (TAS): The Texas Accessibility Standards (TAS) are enforced by the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation and apply to most public and commercial buildings. While largely based on the ADA, there are distinct differences that must be followed for projects in the state.
• New York City: The NYC Building Code includes specific amendments that can impact accessibility, including egress and signage requirements tailored to a high-density urban environment.

Best Practice: Always begin a project by identifying the codes and amendments adopted by the specific state, county, and city where the project is located. Do not assume the model code is sufficient.

‍

Coordination Considerations for Design and Construction Teams

Achieving compliance in these specialized areas requires seamless coordination between multiple disciplines.

• Architect: The architect is typically responsible for the overall compliance strategy. This includes laying out accessible seating plans, detailing areas of refuge, specifying compliant signage and pool lifts, and ensuring all accessible routes are correctly documented.
• Civil Engineer: The civil engineer handles the site work, including the layout of accessible parking spaces, ensuring correct slope and signage placement, and designing the accessible route from the parking lot to the building entrance.
• MEP Engineer: The mechanical, electrical, and plumbing engineer is responsible for systems that support accessibility. This includes providing power and controls for pool lifts, locating and wiring the two-way communication systems in areas of refuge, and ensuring proper lighting levels at signs and accessible routes.
• Interior Designer: Selects finishes with appropriate slip resistance and visual contrast, and ensures furniture layouts do not obstruct clear floor space at accessible elements.
• Code Consultant & Plan Reviewer: These experts review the drawings for compliance before a permit is issued, catching errors in seating dispersion, area of refuge design, or technical specifications for equipment.
• Inspector: The field inspector performs the final verification, measuring clear spaces, checking sign mounting heights, and testing the operation of equipment like pool lifts and communication systems.

A breakdown in coordination at any stage can lead to a failed inspection, costly rework, and delays in obtaining a certificate of occupancy.

‍

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Does an area of refuge need its own fire sprinkler?

Not necessarily by default, but IBC §1009.6.1 requires areas of refuge to be in a smoke-protected and fire-resistance-rated space, such as a stairway enclosure or an elevator lobby with lobby pressurization. If the rest of the building is sprinklered, the area of refuge typically would be as well.

‍

Are companion seats required next to all wheelchair spaces?

Yes. ANSI A117.1 §802.4 requires at least one fixed companion seat to be provided immediately adjacent to each wheelchair space.

‍

Can a portable pool lift meet ADA/ANSI requirements?

Generally, no. The 2010 ADA Standards and ANSI A117.1 require pool lifts to be fixed and available for independent operation. While the Department of Justice has allowed portable lifts in some existing facilities where not readily achievable to install a fixed lift, they are not compliant for new construction.

‍

What is the main difference between tactile signs and visual-only signs?

Tactile signs contain raised characters and Braille that can be read by touch. They are required for signs that identify permanent rooms and spaces (e.g., "Restroom," "Room 204"). Visual-only signs convey information through sight and are used for directional or informational purposes (e.g., an overhead directory).

‍

Do all signs in a building need to have Braille?

No. Only signs designating permanent rooms and spaces need to be tactile. Directional signs (e.g., "Exit ->"), informational signs, building directories, and temporary signs are not required to have Braille.

‍

Is the International Symbol of Accessibility (wheelchair symbol) required on signs for all accessible elements?

No. It is required to identify specific accessible features like parking spaces, entrances, and restrooms. However, it is not required on tactile signs that identify a room (e.g., a conference room sign does not need the symbol just because the room is accessible).

‍

Can the 30"x48" wheelchair space in an area of refuge be used by more than one person?

The 30"x48" space is dimensioned for a single wheelchair user. If multiple wheelchair spaces are required based on occupant load, each must have its own dedicated clear space.

‍

What is the minimum number of accessible means of entry required for a swimming pool?

For pools with less than 300 linear feet of pool wall, at least one accessible means of entry (which can be a pool lift or a sloped entry) is required. For larger pools, two accessible entries are required (ANSI A117.1 §1109).

‍

Does the color of an accessible parking sign matter?

While many jurisdictions use blue and white, the ADA and ANSI A117.1 do not mandate specific colors for the accessible parking sign itself. However, they do require the International Symbol of Accessibility to have a high contrast with its background. Some state or local codes may specify colors.

‍

References

1. ICC A117.1–2017: Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities (Official Standard – Digital Viewer): https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/icca117-12017/american-national-standard
2. 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design – Chapters on Assembly Seating, Signage & Recreation Facilities (§221, §802, §703, §1009): https://www.ada.gov/law-and-regs/2010-ada-standards-for-accessible-design/
3. IBC 2021 – Chapter 10 Means of Egress & §1009 (Areas of Refuge + Two-Way Communication: https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IBC2021P1/chapter-10-means-of-egress
4. U.S. Access Board – ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG): Assembly Areas, Signage, & Swimming Pool: https://www.access-board.gov/ada/guides/
5. ADA Technical Assistance: “Accessible Swimming Pools & Spas” (Pool Lifts, Sloped Entries, Clear Deck Space): https://adata.org/factsheet/accessible-pools-spas

‍